新型二异羟肟酸配合物催化PNPP水解的动力学研究

以3种含中心功能基(-OCH3)的二异羟肟酸开链冠醚过渡金属铜(Ⅱ)、锌(Ⅱ)和钴(Ⅱ)配合物作为水解酶模型,催化羧酸酯(PNPP)水解;研究了水解反应的动力学和机理,提出了水解反应的动力学模型。结果表明:在室温25℃条件下,这类配合物催化PNPP水解速率随着缓冲溶液pH值的增大而提高,表现出高的催化活性。     

模糊层次分析法综合评价洗衣机的绿色度

为了评价机电产品的绿色性能,结合实例,应用自上向下的多级模糊层次分析法,构建洗衣机的绿色度综合评价指标体系和评价模型,建立同一层次评价指标权重判断矩阵,对各层次评价指标进行权重计算,同时计算指标的隶属度,进行指标的无量纲化处理,并应用层次分析法和线性加权和法计算产品的最终综合评价值。     

3种沼虾的16S rRNA基因序列分析

为从分子角度理解3种沼虾,即罗氏沼虾、日本沼虾和祁连沼虾的遗传差异,为沼虾资源的管理、保护和合理开发利用提供理论基础,采集了每种沼虾各2尾样本,采用PCR的方法扩增了其线粒体16S rRNA基因片断并测序。比对后共获得了3种沼虾的297 bp的16S rRNA片断序列,共检测到47个变异位点,总变异率为15.8%。3种沼虾的平均碱基含量分别为T(37.7%)、C(10.9%)、A(29.8%)和G(21.6%)。罗氏沼虾种内个体间序列差异为3%。祁连沼虾和日本沼虾种内个体间差异均为0.7%,且两者种间差异很小,为0～0.7%。罗氏沼虾与祁连沼虾、日本沼虾之间的序列差异在13.1%～14.8%之间,种间差异明显。系统进化树显示罗氏沼虾自成一枝,而日本沼虾和祁连沼虾共同构成另一枝,日本沼虾和祁连沼虾的遗传距离小于5%,结果提示日本沼虾和祁连沼虾有很近的亲缘关系,两者也许是亚种关系。     

钴结壳螺旋切削采矿头截齿最大载荷的分布特性

考虑海水力的作用,建立深海钴结壳微地形的数学模型和采矿头截齿切削过程的数学模型,应用Matlab软件GUI工具编制相应的仿真程序,并通过实验验证仿真模型的正确性和仿真软件的工程有效性。在此基础上,随机生成200个典型海底地形,对采矿头截齿最大载荷的分布特性进行研究;应用置信度为0.95的柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫(Kolmogorov-Smirnov)检验验证参数估计所得的正态总体与样本数据的一致性。仿真结果表明:截齿最大载荷的分布偏于正态分布;通过置信度为0.95的参数估计,得出最大载荷正态分布概率密度函数的参数μ和σ2及其置信区间;由3σ规则确定了截齿最大载荷以99.73%的概率落于区间[2.027 0 11.110 0],截齿最大载荷基本不超过11.11 kN。     

不同演替阶段树种的光合和生长对增强UV-B辐射的响应

利用野外盆栽实验方法,模拟南亚热带地区地面增强UV-B辐射20%(L)和30%(H)的条件下(L和H分别为4.83和7.24 kJ.m-2.d-1),研究南亚热带植被恢复先锋树种马占相思(Acacia mangium)、演替前期树种荷木(Schima superba)、演替中后期树种华润楠(Machilus chinensis)和黄果厚壳桂(Cryptocarya concin-na)等4种乔木树种对增强UV-B辐射的响应。结果表明,增强UV-B辐射处理引起马占相思和荷木的最大光合速率(Pm ax)明显下降,高剂量(7.24 kJ.m-2.d-1)和延长处理时间(160 d)的效应更加明显;它们的光合速率下降幅度依次为:马占相思>荷木>华润楠>黄果厚壳桂,先锋树种光合作用对增强UV-B辐射的响应明显大于演替中后期树种。增强UV-B辐射处理,马占相思的株高生长和茎生物量以及荷木的株高有较明显减小,它们的地径、总生物量和冠根比有减小的趋势;同时马占相思的叶宽度明显地增大。结果表明,马占相思和荷木属UV-B辐射敏感种,而华润楠和黄果厚壳桂则属低敏感种。当前臭氧层的减薄趋势没有得到有效遏制的情况下,马占相思和荷木因个体生长发育过程中对增强UV-B辐射的敏感性,可能会导致南亚热带地区群落的先锋种和演替前期树种加速衰退,而演替中后期树种由于较能忍耐UV-B辐射而能竞争到更多的资源以利其在群落竞争中占优势,从而保持更稳定的状态。     

粘性颗粒剪切流垂向分选实验研究

本文利用剪切室研究了粘性颗粒剪切条件下的流动和分选情况,并针对实验现象和结果展开分析和讨论.实验结果表明,相比干颗粒而言,粘性颗粒相互黏结得更紧密,颗粒的流动性减弱,颗粒在流动过程中的浓度分布、应力状况以及分选均会受颗粒流动性减弱的影响.     

ZnCo2O4尖晶石纳米粉体的新型共沉淀法合成及表征

以草酸为沉淀剂、乙醇为溶剂,通过新型共沉淀法合成分子前躯体锌钴草酸复合盐ZnCo2(C2O4)3.4H2O,对该前躯体在不同温度下热处理即可制得锌钴尖晶石粉体.利用热重分析仪(TGA)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对前躯体热分解过程分别进行热失重分析和动力学分析.结果表明,前躯体热分解仅经历2个热失重过程(脱结晶水和最后分解)且最后分解过程遵循随机成核和核随后生长单一的动力学机理,活化能不随转化率的变化而变化.由此说明前驱体为草酸复合盐而不是二元混合盐.利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等分析手段对尖晶石粉体进行表征.结果显示,前躯体在低温段450~650℃煅烧2 h即可获得单相、颗粒细小均匀的尖晶石粉体,高温750℃煅烧,得到ZnO和缺锌的锌钴尖晶石的混合物.     

^226Ra evidence for the ecosystem shift over the past 40 years in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Surface seawater was collected for ~(226)Ra measurement in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre from July to October, 1999 and October to December, 2003. Combined with the historical data reported for this sea area, a declined trend of surface ~(226)Ra concentrations was observed since 1960s, indicating the ecosystem shift in response to global warming. On one side, the enhanced stratification of the upper water column resulting from global warming reduced the ~(226)Ra input from the depth, on the other, the temporal increase of biological production resulting from the climate-related ecosystem structure change strengthened the ~(226)Ra removal from the surface ocean. Both the physical and biological processes resulted in the decrease of surface ~(226)Ra concentrations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. The temporal trend of surface ~(226)Ra concentrations was consistent with the trends of chlorophyll a, silicate, phosphate and primary production previously reported. This study provided ~(226)Ra evidence for the ecosystem shift under global change.     

Estimation and prediction of black carbon emissions in Beijing City

Black carbon is a by-product of incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels. It can alter atmospheric radiation property and make adverse impacts on human health. The energy consumption in Beijing City depends largely on coal burning. Recently, Beijing City has been performing the municipal energy structure adjustment as a tool for air pollution abatement, aiming at the air quality goal for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Based on Beijing energy use data in 2000, combined with emission factors of major sources of black carbon, the emission of black carbon in Beijing City is estimated to be 7.77 Gg. Coke, raw coal and biomass as non-commercial energy are the main contributors to municipal black carbon emissions. Based on Beijing energy planning in the year 2008, the emission of black carbon in 2008 will be 2.97 Gg if the contribution from biomass is not taken into account. Assuming that the black carbon emission from rural biomass in 2008 is the same as that in 2004, the biomass burning will be the largest emitter of black carbon to Beijing City in 2008.     

开滦电厂厂用电切换存在的问题及对策

稳定可靠的厂用电源对于电厂的安全稳定运行极其重要。介绍了厂用电切换方式,针对开滦电厂厂用电切换实际,探讨了在可行范围内解决其成功率不高的问题。